شانشینی سەفەوی

شانشینی سەفەوی یان ئێرانی سەفەوی یەکێک بوو لە گەورەترین ئیمپراتۆرییەتەکانی ئێران دوای لەشکرکێشی عەرەبەکان کە لەلایەن بنەماڵەی سەفەوییەکانەوە لە ساڵی ١٥٠١ تا ١٧٣٦ حوکمڕانی کرا.^[١]^[٢]^[٣]^[٤] ئیمپراتۆرییەتی سەفەوی زۆرجار بە سەرەتای مێژووی ھاوچەرخی ئێران ناودەبرێت. گۆڕینی ئێرانییەکان لە سوننە بۆ شیعە لە ماوەی سەدەی ١٦ تا ١٨ لە سەردەمی شانشینی سەفەویدا بە شێوەیەکی بەرفراوان ڕوویدا.^[٥]^[٦]^[٧]^[٨] سەفەوی خانەدانی ئێرانی،^[٩]^[١٠]^[١١]^[١٢] تورکی^[١٣]^[١٤]^[١٥]^[١٦]^[١٧]^[١٨]^[١٩] و ئەوان شیعە بوون کە نزیکەی ٢٣٥ ساڵ حوکمڕانی ئێرانیان کردووە لە ساڵانی ٨٨٠ تا ١١١٤ی زایینی (ھاوتا لەگەڵ ١١٤٨–٩٠٧ ز و ١٧٣٦–١٥٠١ ز).^[٢٠] ئیمپراتۆرییەتی سەفەوی لە تەورێز لەلایەن شا ئیسماعیلی یەکەم لەسەر بنەمای دیدگا و سیاسەتی سەفەوییە شیعەکان لە ساڵی ٨٨٠ دامەزرا و دوا پاشای سەفەوی شا سوڵتان حسێن بوو کە لە ساڵی ١١٠١ لەلایەن ئەفغانییەکانەوە شکستی ھێنا و دواتر لەلایەن ئەفغانییەکانەوە شکستی ھێنا نادر شا لە ساڵی ١١١٤. شانشینی سەفەوی لەناوچوو. سەردەمی سەفەوی بە یەکێک لە گرینگترین قۆناغە مێژوویییەکان لە ئێران دادەنرێت، چونکە ھەشت سەد و پەنجا ساڵ^[٢١] دوای لەناوچوونی ئیمپراتۆرییەتی ساسانییەکان، حکوومەتێکی مەرکەزی ئێران توانی بۆ یەکەمجار حوکمڕانی ھەموو ئێران بکات. دوای ئیسلام چەند شانشینی ئێرانی وەک تاھێری و سەفەری و سامانییەکان و بنەماڵەی تاھیرییەکان و زیاری و بۆی و سەربەدەر و مۆزەفەری ھاتنە سەر دەسەڵات، بەڵام ھیچیان نەیانتوانی ھەموو ئێران بگرێتەوە و یەکڕیزی لە نێوان ھەموو ناوچە جوگرافییەکانی ئێراندا دروست بکەن لەو کاتەدا کات؛ و یەکێتییەکی سەربەخۆ دروست بکەن.^[٢٢]سەفەوییەکان شیعەیان کردە ئایینی فەرمی ئێران. شێوازی حوکمڕانی سەفەوی ناوەندی بوو و دەسەڵاتی ڕەھا لە دەستی پاشا بوو. لەدوای دەرکەوتنی حکوومەتی سەفەوی، ئێران گرنگتر بوو و سەقامگیری و یەکپارچەیی بەھرەمەند بوو و لە جیھاندا ناوبانگی دەرکرد.^[٢٣] لەو ماوەیەدا پێوەندی ئێران و وڵاتانی ئەورووپا زۆر فراوانتر بوو بەھۆی دوژمنایەتی دەوڵەتی عوسمانی لەگەڵ سەفەوییەکان و ھەروەھا ڕەوتی بازرگانی (بەتایبەت بازرگانی ئاوریشم لە ئێرانەوە). لە سەردەمی سەفەویدا (بەتایبەت نیوەی یەکەمی) شەڕی زۆر لە نێوان ئێران و ئیمپراتۆرییەتی عوسمانی لە ڕۆژاوا و لەگەڵ ئۆزبەکەکان لە ڕۆژھەڵاتی وڵات ڕوویداوە، کە بەھۆی کێشەی وشکانی و مەزھەبییەوە بووە.^[٢٤]

سەرچاوەکان دەستکاری

^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.
^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.
^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
^ "مقالات مرتبط با شیعه امامیه - نورمگز". www.noormags.ir.
^ "شاه اسماعیل نه خودش مذهبی بود، نه حکومتش دینی/ حکومت صفوی عمل‌گرا و سکولار بود" (بە فارسی). خبرگزاری ایلنا.
^ "ایرانیان چگونه شیعه شدند؟" (بە فارسی). مشرق نیوز. 2012-01-17.
^ پوراحمدی, حسین; سیاب, علی بابایی. "ایرانیان و نقش کوفه در تشیع آنان". فصلنامه شیعه‌شناسی (بە فارسی). 10 (39): 7. ISSN 1735-4722.
^ Petruşevski’den naklen, Efendiyev s.33
^ Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516.
^ F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B.Tauris, 2001. pg 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Azerbaijan"
^ Barry D. Wood, The Tarikh-i Jahanara in the Chester Beatty Library: an illustrated manuscript of the "Anonymous Histories of Shah Isma'il", Islamic Gallery Project, Asian Department Victoria & Albert Museum London, Routledge, Volume 37, Number 1 / March 2004, Pp: 89 - 107.
^ W. Barthold, Soçineniya, C. II, bölüm I, Moskova, 1963, s. 748.
^ Qulamhüseyn Məmmədov. "Səfəvilər dövründə Azərbaycan dili". Milliyyət Araşdırmalar Mərkəzi. Archived from the original on 11 دسامبر 2019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
^ Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective - "the Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
^ Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–7. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
^ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
^ Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"
^ Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."
^ Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
^ "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ آگاه
^ تاریخ ایران (۲)، ص ۱۲۲
^ تاریخ تحولات سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی ایران در دوران صفویه (صص ۶–۲۸۴)

[1] Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.

[2] Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.

[3] Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

[4] Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).

[5] "مقالات مرتبط با شیعه امامیه - نورمگز". www.noormags.ir.

[6] "شاه اسماعیل نه خودش مذهبی بود، نه حکومتش دینی/ حکومت صفوی عمل‌گرا و سکولار بود" (بە فارسی). خبرگزاری ایلنا.

[7] "ایرانیان چگونه شیعه شدند؟" (بە فارسی). مشرق نیوز. 2012-01-17.

[8] پوراحمدی, حسین; سیاب, علی بابایی. "ایرانیان و نقش کوفه در تشیع آنان". فصلنامه شیعه‌شناسی (بە فارسی). 10 (39): 7. ISSN 1735-4722.

[9] Petruşevski’den naklen, Efendiyev s.33

[10] Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516.

[Farhad_Daftary-11] F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B.Tauris, 2001. pg 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Azerbaijan"

[Barry_D._Wood-12] Barry D. Wood, The Tarikh-i Jahanara in the Chester Beatty Library: an illustrated manuscript of the "Anonymous Histories of Shah Isma'il", Islamic Gallery Project, Asian Department Victoria & Albert Museum London, Routledge, Volume 37, Number 1 / March 2004, Pp: 89 - 107.

[13] W. Barthold, Soçineniya, C. II, bölüm I, Moskova, 1963, s. 748.

[14] Qulamhüseyn Məmmədov. "Səfəvilər dövründə Azərbaycan dili". Milliyyət Araşdırmalar Mərkəzi. Archived from the original on 11 دسامبر 2019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)

[15] Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective - "the Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."

[16] Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–7. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."

[17] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[18] Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"

[19] Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."

[20] Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire

[21] "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[22] آگاه

[23] تاریخ ایران (۲)، ص ۱۲۲

[24] تاریخ تحولات سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی ایران در دوران صفویه (صص ۶–۲۸۴)

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