نەبزوێنەکان
IPA پۆڵەندی نموونە نزیکی ئینگلیزی
b b bardzo bike
ɕ ś, s(i)[١] Jaś she
d d dawno door
dz[٢] dz dzban beds
[٢] dź, dz(i)[١] dziadek jeep[٣]
[٢] akarta jug[٣]
f f foka feist
ɡ g grać girl
ɡʲ g(i)[١] Gienek argue
ɣ ch, h niechby roughly like go but without completely blocking air flow on the g
j j, i[١] jak yes
[٤] ń koń voice
k k krowa scam
k(i)[١] kierowca skew
l l lampa lion
m m[٥] morze mile
n n[٥] nad Nile
ɲ ń, n(i)[٥][١] nie canyon
ŋ[٦] n[٥] bank bank
p p policja spike
r r różowy rolled r like Italian Roma
s s smak sign
ʂ sz szybko shore[٣]
t t tak stow
[٢] ć, c(i)[١] cierpki cheer[٣]
ts[٢] c całkiem cats
[٢] cz czy child[٣]
v w wartość vile
w[٧] ł ładny way
x ch, h chleb (Scottish) loch
ch(i), h(i)[١] hiacynt huge
z z zebra zebra
ʑ ź, z(i)[١] ziarno vision, azure[٣]
ʐ ż, rz rzadko
بزوێنەکان
IPA پۆڵەندی نموونە نزیکی ئینگلیزی
a a tam father
ɛ e krem bet
ɛ̃ ę[٥] kęs French vin
i i[١] piwo eat
ɨ y my roses
ɔ o rok off
ɔ̃ ą[٥] wąs French son
u u, ó duży boot
Other symbols used for Polish
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), usually the penultimate syllable of a word.
ˌ Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
. Syllable break.

تێبینییەکان دەستکاری

  1. ^ ئ ا ب پ ت ج چ ح خ د The letter داڕێژە:Angbr, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a داڕێژە:Angbr or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt داڕێژە:Angbr). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr. A following داڕێژە:Angbr also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr, داڕێژە:Angbr.
  2. ^ ئ ا ب پ ت ج The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta داڕێژە:Audio-IPA "clean" versus trzysta داڕێژە:Audio-IPA "three hundred".
  3. ^ ئ ا ب پ ت ج Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an داڕێژە:Angbr sound to them.
  4. ^ Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.
  5. ^ ئ ا ب پ ت ج The letters داڕێژە:Angbr and داڕێژە:Angbr represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).
  6. ^ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.
  7. ^ The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

خوێندنەوەی زیاتر دەستکاری

  • Sadowska, Iwona (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Oxford; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47541-9.

بەستەرە دەرەکییەکان دەستکاری