ماخۆلان: جیاوازیی نێوان پێداچوونەوەکان

سەرەڕای ئەوەی کە (ADHD) باوترین نەخۆشی دەروونییە لە منداڵان و پێگەیشتووان کە خوێندنەوە و دەستنیشانکردنی زۆری بۆ کراوە، بەڵام لە زۆربەی بارودۆخەکاندا ھۆکارە دروستەکەی نەزانراوە.<ref name="Millichap_2010_chap2">{{cite book|last=Millichap|first=J. Gordon|name-list-format=vanc|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD|year=2010|publisher=Springer Science|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4419-1396-8|doi=10.1007/978-104419-1397-5|lccn=2009938108|pages=26|chapter=Chapter 2: Causative Factors|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAlq0CDcbaoC&pg=PA26|edition=2nd|doi-broken-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid22963644">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O, Langley K|title=What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD?|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=54|issue=1|pages=3–16|date=January 2013|pmid=22963644|pmc=3572580|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02611.x}}</ref> لە لایەکی ترەوە باوەڕوایە کە کارلێکی نێوان جینەکان (ھۆکاری بۆماوەیی)، ژینگە، و ھۆکارە کۆمەڵایەتییەکان لە دیارترین ھۆکارەکانی نەخۆشییەکە بن،<ref name="Millichap_2010_chap22">{{cite book|last=Millichap|first=J. Gordon|name-list-format=vanc|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD|year=2010|publisher=Springer Science|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4419-1396-8|doi=10.1007/978-104419-1397-5|lccn=2009938108|pages=26|chapter=Chapter 2: Causative Factors|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAlq0CDcbaoC&pg=PA26|edition=2nd|doi-broken-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid229636442">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O, Langley K|title=What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD?|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=54|issue=1|pages=3–16|date=January 2013|pmid=22963644|pmc=3572580|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02611.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scerif|first=Gaia|last2=Baker|first2=Kate|date=2015|title=Annual Research Review: Rare genotypes and childhood psychopathology – uncovering diverse developmental mechanisms of ADHD risk|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|language=en|volume=56|issue=3|pages=251–273|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12374|pmid=25494546}}</ref> بە جۆرێک کە ھۆکارە بۆماوەیییەکان ٧٤٪‏ ی مەترسییەکە پێکدەھێنن بەپێی ھەڵسەنگاندنەکان. ھەروەھا بەکارھێنانی نیکۆتین لە کاتی دووگیانی دا ڕەنگە یەکێک بێت لە ھۆکارە ژینگەیییەکان.<ref name="NICE 2009">{{cite book|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|author=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Neale-2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Neale BM, Medland SE, Ripke S, Asherson P, Franke B, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Holmans P, Daly M, Steinhausen HC, Freitag C, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Walitza S, Warnke A, Meyer J, Palmason H, Buitelaar J, Vasquez AA, Lambregts-Rommelse N, Gill M, Anney RJ, Langely K, O'Donovan M, Williams N, Owen M, Thapar A, Kent L, Sergeant J, Roeyers H, Mick E, Biederman J, Doyle A, Smalley S, Loo S, Hakonarson H, Elia J, Todorov A, Miranda A, Mulas F, Ebstein RP, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T, Oades RD, Sonuga-Barke E, McGough J, Nisenbaum L, Middleton F, Hu X, Nelson S|title=Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=9|pages=884–97|date=September 2010|pmid=20732625|pmc=2928252|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.008}}</ref><ref name="Burt-2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Burt SA|title=Rethinking environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology: a meta-analysis of shared environmental influences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_2009-07_135_4/page/608|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=135|issue=4|pages=608–37|date=July 2009|pmid=19586164|doi=10.1037/a0015702}}</ref>