پێڕستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیک

وەرگرەکان

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1901		Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Germany	"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
1902		Hendrik Lorentz	ھۆلەند	"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
		Pieter Zeeman	ھۆلەند
1903		Antoine Henri Becquerel	فەڕەنسا	"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
		Pierre Curie	فەڕەنسا	"for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
		Maria Skłodowska-Curie	پۆڵەندا فەڕەنسا
1904		Lord Rayleigh	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"
1905		Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard	Austria-Hungary Germany	"for his work on cathode rays"
1906		Joseph John Thomson	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
1907		Albert Abraham Michelson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1908		Gabriel Lippmann	فەڕەنسا	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1909		Guglielmo Marconi	Italy	"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
		Karl Ferdinand Braun	Germany
1910		Johannes Diderik van der Waals	ھۆلەند	"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
1911		Wilhelm Wien	Germany	"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
1912		Nils Gustaf Dalén	سوێد	"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"
1913		Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes	ھۆلەند	"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914		Max von Laue	Germany	"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915		William Henry Bragg	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays", an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
		William Lawrence Bragg	ئوسترالیا شانشینی یەکگرتوو
1916	Not awarded World War I
1917		Charles Glover Barkla	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements", another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918		Max Planck	Germany	"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
1919		Johannes Stark	ئەڵمانیا	"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
1920		Charles Édouard Guillaume	سویس	"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"
1921		Albert Einstein	ئەڵمانیا سویس	"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922		Niels Bohr	دانمارک	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1923		Robert Andrews Millikan	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1924		Manne Siegbahn	سوێد	"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
1925		James Franck	ئەڵمانیا	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
		Gustav Hertz	ئەڵمانیا
1926		Jean Baptiste Perrin	فەڕەنسا	"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1927		Arthur Holly Compton	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his discovery of the effect named after him"
		Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1928		Owen Willans Richardson	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1929		Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie	فەڕەنسا	"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
1930		Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1931	Not awarded
1932		Werner Heisenberg	ئەڵمانیا	"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
1933		Erwin Schrödinger	نەمسا	"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
		Paul Dirac	شانشینی یەکگرتوو
1934	Not awarded
1935		James Chadwick	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for the discovery of the neutron"
1936		Victor Francis Hess	نەمسا	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
	پەڕگە:Carl Anderson.jpg	Carl David Anderson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his discovery of the positron"
1937		Clinton Joseph Davisson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
		George Paget Thomson	شانشینی یەکگرتوو
1938		Enrico Fermi	Italy	"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1939		Ernest Lawrence	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1940	Not awarded World War II
1941	Not awarded World War II
1942	Not awarded World War II
1943		Otto Stern	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	نەمسا	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1946		Percy Williams Bridgman	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"
1947		Edward Victor Appleton	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
1948		Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949		Hideki Yukawa	ژاپۆن	"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
1950		Cecil Frank Powell	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1951	پەڕگە:Sir John Douglas Cockcroft.jpg	John Douglas Cockcroft	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	Ireland
1952		Felix Bloch	سویس ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
		Edward Mills Purcell	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1953		Frits Zernike	ھۆلەند	"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
1954		Max Born	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
		Walther Bothe	West Germany	"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955		Willis Eugene Lamb	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
		Polykarp Kusch	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956		John Bardeen	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
		Walter Houser Brattain	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		William Bradford Shockley	United States
1957		Tsung-Dao Lee	China ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
		Chen Ning Yang	China ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1958		Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
		Ilya Frank	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت
		Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè	ئیتاڵیا	"for their discovery of the antiproton"
		Owen Chamberlain	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1960	پەڕگە:Donald Glaser 1.jpg	Donald Arthur Glaser	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961		Robert Hofstadter	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
		Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا	"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
1962		Lev Davidovich Landau	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner	مەجارستان ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
		Maria Goeppert-Mayer	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
		J. Hans D. Jensen	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا
1964		Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت	"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"
		Alexander Prokhorov	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت
	پەڕگە:Charles Townes Nobel.jpg	Charles Hard Townes	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1965	پەڕگە:Richard Feynman Nobel.jpg	Richard Phillips Feynman	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
		Julian Schwinger	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	ژاپۆن
1966		Alfred Kastler	فەڕەنسا	"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1967		Hans Albrecht Bethe	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1968		Luis Walter Alvarez	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1969		Murray Gell-Mann	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1970		Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén	سوێد	"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
		Louis Néel	فەڕەنسا	"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971	پەڕگە:Dénes Gábor 1988 Hungarian stamp.jpg	Dennis Gabor	مەجارستان شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972		John Bardeen	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
		Leon Neil Cooper	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		John Robert Schrieffer	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1973		Leo Esaki	ژاپۆن	"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
		Ivar Giaever	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان نەرویژ
	داڕێژە:CSS image crop	Brian David Josephson	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974		Martin Ryle	شانشینی یەکگرتوو	"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
		Antony Hewish	شانشینی یەکگرتوو
1975		Aage Bohr	دانمارک	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
		Ben Roy Mottelson	دانمارک
	پەڕگە:Leo James Rainwater.jpg	Leo James Rainwater	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1976		Burton Richter	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
		Samuel Chao Chung Ting	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1977		Philip Warren Anderson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
		Nevill Francis Mott	شانشینی یەکگرتوو
		John Hasbrouck Van Vleck	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1978		Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa	یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت	"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
		Arno Allan Penzias	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
	پەڕگە:Wilson penzias200.jpg	Robert Woodrow Wilson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1979		Sheldon Lee Glashow	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
		Abdus Salam	پاکستان
		Steven Weinberg	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1980		James Watson Cronin	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
		Val Logsdon Fitch	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1981		Nicolaas Bloembergen	ھۆلەند ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
		Arthur Leonard Schawlow	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn	سوێد	"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
1982	پەڕگە:Kenneth G. Wilson.jpg	Kenneth G. Wilson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
1983	پەڕگە:ChandraNobel.png	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	ھیندستان ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
		William Alfred Fowler	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984		Carlo Rubbia	ئیتاڵیا	"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
		Simon van der Meer	ھۆلەند
1985		Klaus von Klitzing	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا	"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
1986		Ernst Ruska	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا	"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"
		Gerd Binnig	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا	"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
		Heinrich Rohrer	سویس
1987		Johannes Georg Bednorz	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا	"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
		Karl Alexander Müller	سویس
1988		Leon Max Lederman	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
		Melvin Schwartz	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Jack Steinberger	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1989		Norman Foster Ramsey	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
		Hans Georg Dehmelt	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the development of the ion trap technique"
	پەڕگە:Wolfgang Paul.jpg	Wolfgang Paul	ئاڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا
1990		Jerome I. Friedman	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
		Henry Way Kendall	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Richard E. Taylor	کەنەدا
1991		Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	فەڕەنسا	"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
1992		Georges Charpak	فەڕەنسا پۆڵەندا	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1993		Russell Alan Hulse	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
		Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1994		Bertram Brockhouse	کەنەدا	"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
		Clifford Glenwood Shull	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
1995		Martin Lewis Perl	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
		Frederick Reines	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996		David Morris Lee	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
		Douglas D. Osheroff	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Robert Coleman Richardson	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1997		Steven Chu	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	فەڕەنسا
		William Daniel Phillips	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1998		Robert B. Laughlin	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
		Horst Ludwig Störmer	ئەڵمانیا
		Daniel Chee Tsui	China ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
1999		Gerard 't Hooft	ھۆلەند	"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
		Martinus J. G. Veltman	ھۆلەند
2000		Zhores Ivanovich Alferov	ڕووسیا	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
		Herbert Kroemer	ئەڵمانیا
	پەڕگە:Jack Kilby.jpg	Jack St. Clair Kilby	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
2001		Eric Allin Cornell	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
		Carl Edwin Wieman	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Wolfgang Ketterle	ئەڵمانیا
2002		Raymond Davis, Jr.	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
		Masatoshi Koshiba	ژاپۆن
		Riccardo Giacconi	ئیتاڵیا ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov	ڕووسیا ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
		Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg	ڕووسیا
		Anthony James Leggett	شانشینی یەکگرتوو ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2004		David J. Gross	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
		Hugh David Politzer	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Frank Wilczek	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2005		Roy J. Glauber	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
		John L. Hall	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
		Theodor W. Hänsch	ئەڵمانیا
2006		John C. Mather	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
		George F. Smoot	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2007		Albert Fert	فەڕەنسا	"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"
		Peter Grünberg	ئەڵمانیا
2008		Makoto Kobayashi	ژاپۆن	"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
		Toshihide Maskawa	ژاپۆن
		Yoichiro Nambu	ژاپۆن ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2009		Charles K. Kao	ھۆنگ کۆنگ شانشینی یەکگرتوو ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
		Willard S. Boyle	کەنەدا ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
		George E. Smith	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2010		Andre Geim	شانشینی یەکگرتوو ھۆلەند	"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
		Konstantin Novoselov	ڕووسیا شانشینی یەکگرتوو
2011		Saul Perlmutter	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
		Brian P. Schmidt	ئوسترالیا ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
		Adam G. Riess	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2012		Serge Haroche	فەڕەنسا	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."
		David J. Wineland	ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2013		François Englert	بەلجیکا	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
		Peter Higgs	شانشینی یەکگرتوو
2014		Isamu Akasaki	ژاپۆن	"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
		Hiroshi Amano	ژاپۆن
		Shuji Nakamura	ژاپۆن ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
2015		Takaaki Kajita	ژاپۆن	"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
		Arthur B. McDonald	کەنەدا